Tendinitis

Tendinitis, sometimes spelled tendonitis, is a common musculoskeletal disorder involving the inflammation or irritation of a tendon — the thick fibrous cords that attach muscle to bone. It typically occurs from repetitive motion, overuse, sudden injury, or age-related wear and tear. Tendinitis can cause significant discomfort and reduce mobility. The pain may be acute or chronic, often worsened by movement and relieved by rest. Whether you're an athlete, office worker, or elderly individual, recognising the symptoms early and following appropriate treatment can help prevent serious complications.

Tendinitis refers to inflammation of a tendon — the structure that connects muscles to bones. When these tendons become irritated, inflamed, or suffer microscopic tears, pain and restricted movement can result. It most commonly affects the:

• Shoulder (Rotator cuff tendinitis)
• Elbow (Tennis or Golfer’s elbow)
• Wrist
• Knee (Jumper’s knee)
• Heel (Achilles tendinitis)

This condition can develop suddenly due to injury or gradually from repetitive stress. Left untreated, tendinitis can lead to tendon rupture or chronic disability.

India

In India, tendinitis is prevalent among urban working professionals, manual labourers, and sports enthusiasts. A study in Indian orthopaedic journals suggests increasing incidence among young adults due to poor ergonomic practices, prolonged screen time, and sports-related injuries.

Worldwide

Globally, up to 30% of all occupational injuries are musculoskeletal disorders, with tendinitis accounting for a significant proportion. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tendon-related injuries are among the top causes of disability, particularly in people aged over 40. Women and men are affected equally, although the location and type may vary based on occupational and recreational exposure.

• Rotator Cuff Tendinitis: Involves the tendons around the shoulder joint.
• Achilles Tendinitis: Affects the tendon at the back of the lower leg.
• Tennis Elbow: Lateral epicondylitis due to strain on forearm muscles.
• Golfer’s Elbow: Medial epicondylitis, caused by repetitive wrist and finger motions.
• De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis: Involves tendons of the thumb.
• Patellar Tendinitis: Involves the kneecap tendon, common in jumping sports.

• Overuse from repetitive activities (typing, lifting, painting)
• Sports injuries (e.g. tennis, running, basketball)
• Age-related tendon degeneration
• Poor posture and ergonomics
• Improper stretching or warm-up
• Chronic diseases like diabetes and arthritis
• Certain medications, especially antibiotics like fluoroquinolones

• Dull, aching pain in the joint or affected area
• Tenderness and swelling
• Pain worsened by movement
• Cracking or grating sensation with joint use
• Localised warmth or redness
• Stiffness or reduced joint range of motion
• Muscle weakness

• Clinical examination: Identifies tenderness, range of motion and swelling
• Patient history: Repetitive tasks, physical activity, or injuries
• Imaging tests:
  
  • X-ray (to exclude bone injury)
  • MRI or ultrasound (to detect soft tissue inflammation or tears)
• Laboratory tests: Rule out infections or inflammatory diseases

Early diagnosis is critical for timely management and to avoid long-term tendon damage.

Non-Surgical Treatment

• Rest and Activity Modification: Reducing or stopping the activity that caused the issue
• Cold Compress: Reduces inflammation in the initial phase
• Pain Relief: NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or naproxen. (Naproxen 500mg Tablet)
• Physical Therapy: Helps restore function and strengthen tendons
• Bracing or Splinting: Immobilises the affected area to promote healing

Advanced Interventions

• Corticosteroid Injections: Short-term relief for inflammation. (Hydrocot 100mg injection)
• Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP): Accelerates healing using the body’s own growth factors
• Shockwave Therapy: Stimulates tendon healing in chronic cases
• Surgery: Reserved for cases with tendon rupture or severe inflammation not responsive to conservative methods

• Acupuncture: Reduces pain perception by triggering nerve pathways
• Massage Therapy: Promotes circulation and eases muscle tightness
• Herbal Supplements: Turmeric and boswellia known for anti-inflammatory effects
• Homeopathy: Some patients find symptom relief with Arnica or Rhus tox
• Ayurvedic Oils: Used for external massage and pain relief

• Age above 40 years
• Participation in high-risk sports
• Jobs requiring repetitive movements
• Inadequate training or equipment
• Obesity or sedentary lifestyle
• Smoking (reduces blood flow to tendons)
• Chronic illness like rheumatoid arthritis or thyroid disease

• Tendon rupture
• Chronic pain and stiffness
• Decreased mobility
• Recurrence of tendinitis
• Long-term disability or inability to perform job duties

• Use ergonomic tools and supportive gear
• Stick to your prescribed physical therapy regimen
• Pace yourself with work and exercise
• Apply ice after exertion
• Track flare-ups and discuss them with your doctor
• Practice mindfulness to cope with pain
• Wear comfortable shoes if dealing with Achilles or knee tendinitis

• "It only affects athletes" – Anyone doing repetitive tasks is at risk
• "Pain means you should push harder" – Rest is essential for recovery
• "Only surgery can fix it" – Most cases respond well to non-surgical treatment
• "It’s a permanent condition" – With care, tendinitis is fully reversible

• Persistent pain lasting over a week
• Swelling or bruising at the joint
• Inability to move the limb or joint
• Pain that interferes with sleep or work
• Suspected rupture (sudden severe pain with loss of movement)

• What type of tendinitis do I have?
• What are my treatment options?
• Should I stop my current physical activities?
• How long will it take to recover?
• Are there long-term consequences if untreated?
• Should I see a physiotherapist?
• Will imaging tests be necessary?

• Offer help with physical tasks
• Encourage regular physiotherapy sessions
• Listen and validate their experience
• Assist with medication reminders
• Help them stay positive during recovery
• Be patient with any physical limitations
   

Tendinitis is a common and often painful condition, but it is highly manageable with early intervention, rest, and appropriate treatment. Whether due to ageing, repetitive strain, or sudden injury, the condition can disrupt day-to-day life. However, with lifestyle adjustments, physiotherapy, and medical support, most people make a full recovery. Prioritising ergonomic practices and listening to your body can go a long way in preventing tendinitis and ensuring long-term joint health.