Ebola virus

Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but deadly viral infection. The disease was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, it has triggered multiple outbreaks in Africa.

The virus spreads through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated objects. Ebola outbreaks often cause widespread panic due to high fatality rates, ranging from 25% to 90%. With no cure yet, early detection, supportive care, and preventive practices are crucial in controlling its spread.

Ebola is a viral haemorrhagic fever caused by viruses in the genus Ebolavirus. It leads to severe bleeding, organ failure, and often death if not treated promptly. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days.

EVD is highly contagious and poses a serious public health threat. The disease is most commonly spread through direct contact with infected individuals, especially in healthcare or burial settings.

EVD primarily affects regions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The most severe outbreak occurred between 2014–2016 in West Africa, causing over 28,000 infections and 11,000 deaths across Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

India has never reported a confirmed Ebola case, but the country remains vigilant due to international travel and globalisation. Health authorities have implemented robust surveillance protocols at ports of entry.

There are five known species of the Ebolavirus genus:

1. Zaire ebolavirus – Most deadly and responsible for the largest outbreaks
2. Sudan ebolavirus
3. Taï Forest ebolavirus
4. Bundibugyo ebolavirus
5. Reston ebolavirus – Found in non-human primates and pigs; not known to cause illness in humans

Ebola virus infection is caused by exposure to the virus through:

• Direct contact with blood, saliva, vomit, urine, or other bodily fluids of infected people
• Handling contaminated objects like needles, clothing, or medical equipment
• Contact with infected animals (e.g., fruit bats, monkeys)
• Burial rituals involving direct contact with the deceased

The virus enters the body through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth.

Early symptoms mimic other illnesses, making diagnosis challenging:

• Sudden fever
• Severe headache
• Muscle and joint pain
• Fatigue and weakness
• Sore throat
• Vomiting and diarrhoea
• Abdominal pain
• Rash

Advanced stages may include:

• Internal and external bleeding
• Organ failure
• Shock

Early diagnosis is critical but challenging due to symptom overlap with diseases like malaria, typhoid, and Lassa fever. Diagnostic methods include:

• RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects Ebola virus genetic material
• ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay): Identifies antibodies or viral antigens
• Virus Isolation in Culture: Confirms infection in specialised labs

Patients suspected of EVD are quarantined immediately to avoid transmission.

There is no specific cure for Ebola, but supportive care significantly improves survival. Treatment options include:

• Hydration therapy: Oral or IV fluids to prevent dehydration.
• Electrolyte balancing: Essential for organ function
• Oxygen therapy: Supports respiratory function
• Treating co-infections: Administer antibiotics or antimalarials as needed. (Fixture LB Tablet)

Medications and Vaccines:

• Inmazeb and Ebanga: Approved monoclonal antibody treatments
• rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo): A licensed Ebola vaccine for Zaire ebolavirus

While alternative therapies are not a substitute for medical treatment, some complementary approaches may offer support:

• Traditional herbal remedies (only under clinical supervision)
• Nutritional support: Strengthening immunity with vitamins
• Mindfulness and spiritual support: To cope with anxiety during quarantine or recovery
   

Certain individuals and environments pose a higher risk:

• Healthcare workers without adequate PPE
• Family members of infected individuals
• People involved in traditional burial practices
• Individuals living near or working in forests with wildlife
• Laboratory personnel handling the virus

EVD can lead to severe and long-lasting health consequences:

• Multiple organ failure
• Severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
• Persistent joint and muscle pain
• Post-Ebola syndrome: fatigue, memory issues, and vision problems
• Psychological trauma and stigma

Recovery from Ebola can be slow and requires long-term care:

• Stay hydrated and well-nourished
• Attend follow-up medical check-ups
• Seek counselling or psychological support
• Avoid stigma by educating friends and family
• Report any recurring symptoms to a healthcare provider
   

Myth 1: Ebola spreads through air
 Fact: It spreads only through direct contact with infected bodily fluids

Myth 2: There is no treatment
 Fact: Supportive care and new medications have improved survival

Myth 3: Only people in Africa can get Ebola
 Fact: Though more common in Africa, global travel makes it a worldwide concern

You should seek medical help if:

• You have returned from an Ebola-affected region
• You experience fever, fatigue, or unexplained bleeding
• You’ve been in contact with someone confirmed to have Ebola

Immediate isolation and medical care are essential to reduce risk.

• What tests are needed to confirm Ebola?
• How long will treatment and isolation last?
• Can I be vaccinated against Ebola?
• What are the long-term effects of recovery?
• How can my family and I stay safe?

• Educate yourself about the illness
• Provide emotional support without judgement
• Help with essentials like food, transport, or medicine
• Respect their privacy and dignity
• Combat stigma by spreading accurate information
   

Ebola virus disease is a life-threatening condition that demands urgent medical attention and community support. Though outbreaks are mostly limited to certain African regions, its potential global impact due to travel and migration cannot be ignored.

Awareness, prompt diagnosis, vaccination, and supportive care remain the most effective strategies for managing this disease. Understanding the risks and respecting public health guidelines can go a long way in preventing the spread.