Bowel Cancer

Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a serious health condition affecting the colon or rectum. It is one of the most common cancers globally, with millions of new cases diagnosed each year. Though highly treatable if detected early, delayed diagnosis can lead to severe complications. This comprehensive guide will help you understand bowel cancer in detail—covering symptoms, risk factors, causes, treatment, and ways to live with the condition.

Bowel cancer refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the large intestine (colon) or rectum. These growths, or tumours, can spread to other parts of the body if not treated in time. Bowel cancer usually starts from benign polyps that later turn malignant. The condition is more common in older adults but can affect individuals of any age.

Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. According to the Global Cancer Observatory, there were approximately 1.9 million new cases globally in 2020.

In India, colorectal cancer is one of the top 10 cancers among both men and women. Urban areas show higher incidence rates, with lifestyle factors playing a major role.

There are several types of bowel cancer based on the kind of cells affected:

1. Adenocarcinomas: The most common type, originating in the mucus-producing glands of the colon.
2. Carcinoid tumours: Develop in hormone-producing cells of the intestine.
3. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs): Rare tumours forming in the muscle layer of the bowel wall.
4. Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune system that may occur in the bowel.
5. Sarcomas: Cancers originating in connective tissue cells.

Several factors can cause or contribute to the development of bowel cancer:

• Genetic mutations: Inherited conditions like Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
• Lifestyle factors: Sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
• Inflammatory bowel disease: Conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis increase risk.
• Age: Most cases occur in people over 50.
• History of polyps: Adenomatous polyps can evolve into cancer over time.

Symptoms may vary depending on the tumour's location, size, and spread. Common signs include:

• Persistent change in bowel habits (diarrhoea or constipation)
• Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding
• Unexplained weight loss
• Abdominal pain or bloating
• Fatigue or weakness
• Feeling that the bowel doesn't empty completely
   

Early detection is key to successful treatment. Diagnosis typically involves:

• Medical history and physical exam: Reviewing symptoms and risk factors.
• Faecal occult blood test (FOBT): Checks for hidden blood in the stool.
• Colonoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is used to examine the colon and rectum.
• Biopsy: Tissue samples are taken for lab analysis.
• Imaging tests: CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans to check for spread.

Treatment depends on the cancer's stage, location, and patient's overall health. Common approaches include:

1. Surgery

• Polypectomy and local excision: For early-stage cancer.
• Colectomy: Partial or total removal of the colon.
• Colostomy: Creating an opening in the abdominal wall if bowel can't be reconnected.

2. Chemotherapy

Drugs used to kill or shrink cancer cells, especially if it has spread (Brand: Bucelon 60mg)

3. Radiation Therapy

High-energy rays used to destroy cancer cells, often for rectal cancer.

4. Targeted Therapy

Drugs that block specific cancer cell molecules.

5. Immunotherapy

Boosts the immune system to attack cancer cells, effective in certain genetic types.

While not a replacement for medical treatment, alternative therapies may help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life:

• Acupuncture: Reduces pain and nausea.
• Yoga and meditation: Helps manage stress and improve mental well-being.
• Herbal supplements: Always consult a doctor before using.
• Nutritional therapy: Supports overall health during treatment.
   

Understanding risk factors can aid in prevention and early diagnosis:

• Age over 50
• Family history of bowel cancer or polyps
• Personal history of inflammatory bowel disease
• High red or processed meat consumption
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Smoking and heavy alcohol use
• Type 2 diabetes
   

If untreated, bowel cancer can lead to several complications:

• Bowel obstruction: Tumour blocks the intestine.
• Metastasis: Cancer spreads to liver, lungs, or other organs.
• Bleeding: Chronic blood loss leading to anaemia.
• Perforation: A hole in the bowel wall, leading to infection.
  
   

Living with bowel cancer involves emotional and physical adjustments:

• Follow your treatment plan: Keep up with appointments and medication.
• Healthy eating: Adjust your diet based on treatment side effects.
• Stay active: Light exercise improves mood and strength.
• Join support groups: Connecting with others can offer emotional relief.
• Communicate: Keep open lines with family and doctors.

Track symptoms: Record how you feel daily to share with your healthcare team.

1. Only old people get it: While age is a factor, younger individuals can develop it too.
2. It’s always fatal: Early-stage bowel cancer has a high cure rate.
3. It’s caused by spicy food: Diet plays a role, but not in the way most think.
4. Screening is only for those with symptoms: Early screening saves lives, even if you're asymptomatic.
    

Consult a healthcare professional if you experience:

• Blood in your stool
• Ongoing changes in bowel habit.
• Persistent abdominal discomfort
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue or weakness

Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes.
 

• What type and stage of bowel cancer do I have?
• What are my treatment options and their side effects?
• Will I need surgery?
• What is the likelihood of recurrence?
• Should my family be tested?
• What lifestyle changes should I make?
• Are there clinical trials I can join?
   

• Be there: Offer emotional and practical support.
• Educate yourself: Understand the condition and treatment.
• Listen: Let them express feelings without judgement.
• Offer to accompany them: Be present for doctor visits or treatments.
• Respect their choices: Support their decisions even if you disagree.
   

Bowel cancer is a challenging but often treatable condition when caught early. Awareness of the symptoms, regular screenings, and a healthy lifestyle can significantly lower risks. By understanding the condition, you can better support yourself or a loved one through diagnosis, treatment, and beyond.